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www.nfb.ca

https://www.nfb.ca/interactive/making_movie_history/

An anecdotal portrait of the NFB place in Canadian cinema, told through 61 profiles email

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umn.edu

https://open.lib.umn.edu/mediaandculture/chapter/8-2-the-history-of-movies/

The Beginnings: Motion Picture Technology of the Late 19th Century The Beginnings: Motion Picture Technology of the Late 19th Century While the experience of watching movies on smartphones may seem like a drastic departure from the communal nature of film viewing as we think of it today, in some ways the small-format, single-viewer display is a return to film’s early roots. In 1891, the inventor Thomas Edison, together with William Dickson, a young laboratory assistant, came out with what they called the , a device that would become the predecessor to the motion picture projector. The kinetoscope was a cabinet with a window through which individual viewers could experience the illusion of a moving image (Gale Virtual Reference Library) (British Movie Classics). A perforated with a sequence of images on it was rapidly spooled between a light bulb and a lens, creating the illusion of motion (Britannica). The images viewers could see in the kinetoscope captured events and performances that had been staged at Edison’s film studio in East Orange, New Jersey, especially for the Edison (the camera that produced kinetoscope film sequences): circus performances, dancing women, cockfights, boxing matches, and even a tooth extraction by a dentist (Robinson, 1994). Figure 8.2 The Edison kinetoscope. todd.vision – – CC BY 2.0. As the kinetoscope gained popularity, the Edison Company began installing machines in hotel lobbies, amusement parks, and penny arcades, and soon kinetoscope parlors—where customers could pay around 25 cents for admission to a bank of machines—had opened around the country. However, when friends and collaborators suggested that Edison find a way to project his kinetoscope images for audience viewing, he apparently refused, claiming that such an invention would be a less profitable venture (Britannica). Because Edison hadn’t secured an international patent for his invention, variations of the kinetoscope were soon being copied and distributed throughout Europe. This new form of entertainment was an instant success, and a number of mechanics and inventors, seeing an opportunity, began toying with methods of projecting the moving images onto a larger screen. However, it was the invention of two brothers, Auguste and Louis Lumière—photographic goods manufacturers in Lyon, France—that saw the most commercial success. In 1895, the brothers patented the (from which we get the term cinema), a lightweight film projector that also functioned as a camera and printer. Unlike the Edison kinetograph, the cinématographe was lightweight enough for easy outdoor filming, and over the years the brothers used the camera to take well over 1,000 short films, most of which depicted scenes from everyday life. In December 1895, in the basement lounge of the Grand Café, Rue des Capucines in Paris, the Lumières held the world’s first ever commercial film screening, a sequence of about 10 short scenes, including the brother’s first film, Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory, a segment lasting less than a minute and depicting workers leaving the family’s photographic instrument factory at the end of the day, as shown in the still frame here in (Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire). Believing that audiences would get bored watching scenes that they could just as easily observe on a casual walk around the city, Louis Lumière claimed that the cinema was “an invention without a future (Menand, 2005),” but a demand for motion pictures grew at such a rapid rate that soon representatives of the Lumière company were traveling throughout Europe and the world, showing half-hour screenings of the company’s films. While cinema initially competed with other popular forms of entertainment—circuses, vaudeville acts, theater troupes, magic shows, and many others—eventually it would supplant these various entertainments as the main commercial attraction (Menand, 2005). Within a year of the Lumières’ first commercial screening, competing film companies were offering moving-picture acts in music halls and vaudeville theaters across Great Britain. In the United States, the Edison Company, having purchased the rights to an improved projector that they called the , held their first film screening in April 1896 at Koster and Bial’s Music Hall in Herald Square, New York City. Film’s profound impact on its earliest viewers is difficult to imagine today, inundated as many are by video images. However, the sheer volume of reports about the early audience’s disbelief, delight, and even fear at what they were seeing suggests that viewing a film was an overwhelming experience for many. Spectators gasped at the realistic details in films such as Robert Paul’s Rough Sea at Dover, and at times people panicked and tried to flee the theater during films in which trains or moving carriages sped toward the audience (Robinson). Even the public’s perception of film as a medium was considerably different from the contemporary understanding; the moving image was an improvement upon the photograph—a medium with which viewers were already familiar—and this is perhaps why the earliest films documented events in brief segments but didn’t tell stories. During this “novelty period” of cinema, audiences were more interested by the phenomenon of the film projector itself, so vaudeville halls advertised the kind of projector they were using (for example “The Vitascope—Edison’s Latest Marvel”) (Balcanasu, et. al.), rather than the names of the films (Britannica Online). Figure 8.3 Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory: One of the first films viewed by an audience. Craig Duffy – – CC BY-NC 2.0. By the close of the 19th century, as public excitement over the moving picture’s novelty gradually wore off, filmmakers were also beginning to experiment with film’s possibilities as a medium in itself (not simply, as it had been regarded up until then, as a tool for documentation, analogous to the camera or the phonograph). Technical innovations allowed filmmakers like Parisian cinema owner Georges Méliès to experiment with special effects that produced seemingly magical transformations on screen: flowers turned into women, people disappeared with puffs of smoke, a man appeared where a woman had just been standing, and other similar tricks (Robinson). Not only did Méliès, a former magician, invent the “,” which producers in England and the United States began to imitate, but he was also the one to transform cinema into the narrative medium it is today. Whereas before, filmmakers had only ever created single-shot films that lasted a minute or less, Méliès began joining these short films together to create stories. His 30-scene Trip to the Moon (1902), a film based on a Jules Verne novel, may have been the most widely seen production in cinema’s first decade (Robinson). However, Méliès never developed his technique beyond treating the narrative film as a staged theatrical performance; his camera, representing the vantage point of an audience facing a stage, never moved during the filming of a scene. In 1912, Méliès released his last commercially successful production, The Conquest of the Pole, and from then on, he lost audiences to filmmakers who were experimenting with more sophisticated techniques (Encyclopedia of Communication and Information). Figure 8.4 Georges Méliès’s Trip to the Moon was one of the first films to incorporate fantasy elements and to use “trick” filming techniques, both of which heavily influenced future filmmakers. Craig Duffy – – CC BY-NC 2.0.Down With the Establishment: Youth Culture of the 1960s and 1970s Down With the Establishment: Youth Culture of the 1960s and 1970s Movies of the late 1960s began attracting a younger demographic, as a growing number of young people were drawn in by films like Sam Peckinpah’s The Wild Bunch (1969), Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), Arthur Penn’s Bonnie and Clyde (1967), and Dennis Hopper’s Easy Rider (1969)—all revolutionary in their genres—that displayed a sentiment of unrest toward conventional social orders and included some of the earliest instances of realistic and brutal violence in film. These four films in particular grossed so much money at the box offices that producers began churning out low-budget copycats to draw in a new, profitable market (Motion Pictures). While this led to a rise in youth-culture films, few of them saw great success. However, the new liberal attitudes toward depictions of sex and violence in these films represented a sea of change in the movie industry that manifested in many movies of the 1970s, including Francis Ford Coppola’s The Godfather (1972), William Friedkin’s The Exorcist (1973), and Steven Spielberg’s Jaws (1975), all three of which saw great financial success (Britannica Online; Belton, 1994).The 1990s and Beyond The 1990s and Beyond The 1990s saw the rise of two divergent strands of cinema: the technically spectacular blockbuster with special, computer-generated effects and the independent, low-budget film. The capabilities of special effects were enhanced when studios began manipulating film digitally. Early examples of this technology can be seen in Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) and Jurassic Park (1993). Films with an epic scope—Independence Day (1996), Titanic (1997), and The Matrix (1999)—also employed a range of computer-animation techniques and special effects to wow audiences and to draw more viewers to the big screen. Toy Story (1995), the first fully computer-animated film, and those that came after it, such as Antz (1998), A Bug’s Life (1998), and Toy Story 2 (1999), displayed the improved capabilities of computer-generated animation (Sedman, 2000). At the same time, independent directors and producers, such as the Coen brothers and Spike Jonze, experienced an increased popularity, often for lower-budget films that audiences were more likely to watch on video at home (Britannica Online). A prime example of this is the 1996 Academy Awards program, when independent films dominated the Best Picture category. Only one movie from a big film studio was nominated—Jerry Maguire—while the rest were independent films. The growth of both independent movies and special-effects-laden blockbusters continues to the present day. You will read more about current issues and trends and the future of the movie industry later on in this chapter. Key Takeaways The concept of the motion picture was first introduced to a mass audience through Thomas Edison’s kinetoscope in 1891. However, it wasn’t until the Lumière brothers released the cinématographe in 1895 that motion pictures were projected for audience viewing. In the United States, film established itself as a popular form of entertainment with the nickelodeon theater in the 1910s. The release of The Jazz Singer in 1927 marked the birth of the talking film, and by 1930 silent film was a thing of the past. Technicolor emerged for film around the same time and found early success with movies like The Wizard of Oz and Gone With the Wind. However, people would continue to make films in black and white until the late 1950s. By 1915 most of the major film studios had moved to Hollywood. During the Golden Age of Hollywood, these major studios controlled every aspect of the movie industry, and the films they produced drew crowds to theaters in numbers that have still not been surpassed. After World War II, the studio system declined as a result of antitrust legislation that took power away from studios and of the invention of the television. During the 1960s and 1970s, there was a rise in films—including Bonnie and Clyde, The Wild Bunch, 2001: A Space Odyssey, and Easy Rider—that celebrated the emerging youth culture and a rejection of the conservatism of the previous decades. This also led to looser attitudes toward depictions of sexuality and violence in film. The 1970s and 1980s saw the rise of the blockbuster, with films like Jaws, Star Wars, Raiders of the Lost Ark, and The Godfather. The adoption of the VCR by most households in the 1980s reduced audiences at movie theaters but opened a new mass market of home movie viewers. Improvements in computer animation led to more special effects in film during the 1990s with movies like The Matrix, Jurassic Park, and the first fully computer-animated film, Toy Story. Exercises Identify four films that you would consider to be representative of major developments in the industry and in film as a medium that were outlined in this section. Imagine you are using these films to explain movie history to a friend. Provide a detailed explanation of why each of these films represents significant changes in attitudes, technology, or trends and situate each in the overall context of film’s development. Consider the following questions: How did this movie influence the film industry? What has been the lasting impact of this movie on the film industry? How was the film industry and technology different before this film?

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historyoffilm.net

http://www.historyoffilm.net/

History of movies started in late 19th century with the era of movie pioneers who worked on initial efforts of establishing movie business. During this time recording and projecting short single-camera films slowly expanded across Europe and United States, giving motivation to countless inventors and filmmakers to start expanding this business. email

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github.io

https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_understanding-media-and-culture-an-introduction-to-mass-communication/s11-01-the-history-of-movies.html

The late 1930s and early 1940s are sometimes known as the “ Golden Age Period in the late 1930s and early 1940s when the movie industry found unparalled success in terms of attendance and production. ” of cinema, a time of unparalleled success for the movie industry; by 1939, film was the 11th-largest industry in the United States, and during World War II, when the U.S. … email

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biteable.com

https://biteable.com/movie-maker/

The easiest movie maker and movie-making tools. Biteable is an online video maker that turns your browser into a powerful video-creator. It allows you to make professional-grade movies without paying professional-grade prices for video editing software. There’s nothing to download. No need to take video editing courses. email

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stacker.com

https://stacker.com/stories/3955/ranking-best-years-movie-history

Aug 29, 2020 . - Films in the top 5,000: 35 - Films in the top 1,000: 4 - Films in the top 250: 1 - Highest rank: #229 - Average IMDb user rating: 6.23 “The Collector” was the best movie of 1965, but audiences might be forgiven for forgetting that due to another major film event from that year.

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timetoast.com

https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/history-of-movie-making

History of Movie Making. By Odko. Oct 12, 1890. Motion picture Thomas Edison invented the modern motionpicture system. Aug 12, 1900. Animation in movies The first use of animation in movies was in 1899 with the production of the short film Matches: An Appeal -a thirty-second long stop-motion animated piece intended to encourage the audience to ... email

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filmbug.com

https://www.filmbug.com/dictionary/moviehistory.php

Movie History. Movies developed gradually from a carnival novelty to one of the most important tools of communication and entertainment, and mass media in the 20th century. ... an observational style of film making as well as the advent of more overtly partisan films like In the Year of the Pig about the Vietnam War by Emile de Antonio. By the ... email

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youtube.com

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEIgiFFmt9c

May 22, 2009 . The history of movie making began in the early 1900s, when the first reel cameras were used to create silent films. Sound was introduced to movies in the 193...

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timetoast.com

https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/the-history-of-film-making

The History of Film Making. By ashleighcarroll. Oct 23, 1878. First Motion PIcture Muybridge's The Horse in Motion, 1878. Muybridge was an English photographer important for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion and in motion-picture projection. Oct 23, 1895. First Motion Picture Projected ... email

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imdb.com

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6346836/

Making History: Directed by Liam O'Rinn. With Ann-Marie MacDonald, Mark Starowicz, Claude Saint Laurent, Gene Allen. A look at the making of the Canadian TV mini series Canada: A People's History (2000) email

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wikipedia.org

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_film

The history of film as an artistic medium chronicles the development of a visual art form created using film technologies that began in the late 19th century.. Although the advent of film as an artistic medium is not clearly defined, the commercial, public screening of ten of Lumière brothers' short films in Paris on 28 December 1895 can be regarded as the breakthrough of projected ... email

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legacybox.com

https://legacybox.com/blogs/analog/fun-facts-film-history

For the sake of posterity and looking back at how primitive original film and movie technology was – although revolutionary at the time – we thought we would dig up 10 fun facts about the history of film and cinematography. After all, film has been around for more than 130 years, believe it or not. email

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techradar.com

https://www.techradar.com/news/video/a-brief-history-of-film-1300905

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britannica.com

https://www.britannica.com/art/history-of-the-motion-picture

history of film, also called history of the motion picture, history of cinema from the 19th century to the present. The illusion of films is based on the optical phenomena known as persistence of vision and the phi phenomenon. The first of these causes the brain to retain images cast upon the retina of the eye for a fraction of a second beyond their disappearance from the field of sight, … email

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wikihow.com

https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Movie

Mar 18, 2022 . There is little point making a movie without good lighting, as the shots come out poorly, making it hard to watch. Viewers won't tolerate shadowy, blurred or dark movie images for long. Purchase or find good lighting, make use of daylight as much as possible and use tricks such as working in rooms with light wall colors, and sunshine streaming in. Views: 2.2M

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imdb.com

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1956558/

Dec 11, 2008 . Making History Live: Directed by William G. Wagner. With Alicia Bauman, Kathaleen Getward, Benjamin Ginsburg, Valarie Gray-Holmes. What makes history come alive? Take a behind-the-scenes look at how historical African American portrayals are created for Colonial Williamsburg's Historic Area. From research through performance,experienced … email

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softschools.com

https://www.softschools.com/language_arts/reading_comprehension/social_studies/416/history_of_the_movie_industry/

History of the Movie Industry - Movies began in the late 1890's with motion toys. Flipping through a series of still pictures quickly gave the impression of movement. In 1872, Edward Muybridge set up twelve cameras along a racetrack. As the horse passed each one, a picture was taken. Together, the pictures appeared to show the horse running. ><p>George Eastman and … email

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papermasters.com

https://www.papermasters.com/history-filmmaking.html

History of Filmmaking research papers discuss the history of motion picture and examine the differing techniques used in filmmaking through the years. Filmmaking originated in the 1890s with the invention of the motion picture camera. Photography itself was not much more than half a century old. In 1888, Frenchman Louis Le Prince created the ... email

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